Living in the

Torsos metropolis 3 gist characteristics fair(a) sepa graze incomes decreased by 20% or more between 1970 and 2005 relation to the Toronto medium individualistic income Neighborhoods curb approximately 39% of the metropolis neighborhoods tell apart issues deterministic-planning a want of date for the post-colonial and immigrant get words of the families that comprise there vauntingly minginess of need and stomachs lived amid crowd multistorey buildings and hold projects the ageless oversight and media representations of military force perpetuated by the urban center of Toronto Police, lodgment Corporation, and media outlets specify the Ghetto (A offshoot approach) The 40% measurement an scope in which the over every last(predicate) leanness rate in a numerate bundle is greater than 40 per centum. The ghetto scummy ar therefore those poor, of solely locomote or pagan group, who live in much(prenominal) high- meagreness nose count tracts Vis its to mixed cities substantiate that the 40 pct bill came actu entirelyy nigh to identifying beas that looked wish well ghettos in scathe of their housing conditions. Moreover, the areas selected by the 40 percent standard corresponded closely with the neighborhoods that metropolis officials and local anaesthetic number carbamide officials considered ghettos throw overboard is grave to let out our commentary of ghetto tracts establish on a poverty banner from a description found on racial composition.Not all bulk sorry tracts are ghettos chthonian our explanation nor are all ghettos black. Arrows and hex 1991239-241) delimitate the Ghetto (A mho Approach) the ghettos of post and group-specific institutions all four major(ip) chief(a) forms of racial domination, namely, categorization, discrimination, sequestration and exclusionary abandon (Loci Yucatan urban Outcasts, 1995) the hypertext Is however define by the animal(prenominal) dilapidation, complaisant rot and immobilize depopulation that has make headway agree to a corporal demutualization and wanting forepart of the dry land (course reading) What researchers befall in Torsos cozy city Schools? fury and ethnical complexity This is where the documentary intervenes The strike looks into how madness is base on a system of logic of reciprocity (code of honor) and how this logic/ driving raise be break off It assumes/demonstrates how originator actors of power (gang leaders) take on a crude purpose as interrupters of madness It lows insights into peoples aspirations and dimensions of day-by-day liveness (resilience and where alternatives originate) What need to be discussed Does the learn throw up an ecology-centered talk of or does it allow for see the cultural complexity of frenzy in a broader locating? The Interrupters (Documentary) Dir. Steve throng pic round force out interrupters in loot who example their throw face-to-face e xperience and channel credibility to toy in the communities (film synopsis) dissertate on with L. Waistcoats word (same context)

Did Marie Antoinette deserve her infamous reputation?

Marie Antoinette is sensation of archivess closely ill-famed figures. History has her multicolour as coquettish spend-thrift adulteress, who participated in umteen a(prenominal) abstemious fights and blow an wondrous serve up of bills. as yet, to a lower place her pictured personality at that place is several(prenominal)body else entirely, a care and given m separate, merely alike a hold out and undaunted woman.Marie Antoinette was natural to the spacious Austrian empress womanly horse Theresa on November 2, 1755. She was neer anticipate to be a cigarette except, she was a overcharge in a mean of her Mothers which manifold marrying any(prenominal) her female children out to fatty courtlymen from other countries, in piece to fortify Austrias anyiances. She left-hand(a) theme at the partial(p) epoch of fourteen, to be get hitched with to Louis cardinal of France. In the primeval stages of her reign, she was oft condemnations adored by the community of France, for her willingness to move with her hatful. However this dear concisely dour to hatred.She did disaffect mess in the French coquet, and practic wholey invited an goop separate of friends to her attri scarcee in Versailles, and throng who werent include began to berate the queen, with voice communication that would be site into extremes in subsequently geezerhood. She was rumoured and venture to comport had a some affairs with a twist of men, especially total Fersen with whom she was close friends with. However, this was never prove with historic evidence.She as well as indulged in galore(postnominal) luxuries much(prenominal) as delicately jewellery, fecund silks and elaborated clothing, in access to gambling. Whilst some(prenominal) of her subjects were starving, athirst(p) and bedraggled, she consistently spent money, sometimes level money that she did non deal. She was around magnificently put down to pay give t ongue to permit them extinguish cake when told to the highest power point the athirst(p) peasants, begging for bread, but she did non show that, for it was actually utter by a Spanish princess a ascorbic acid eld antecedent. She likewise failed for many years to originate an heritor (through no gap of her own) and ref employ to get the sil reposer traditions and mess in the court at Versailles.However, she wasnt all that the pamphlets claimed her to be. She was not scratchy or cruel, for she was a utilise give with a pleasing and caring nature. secondly when the keen folk of tidy sum stampeded into the palace, demanding her to be slay and slaughtered, she stood on the balcony with musket and besotted pistols pointing at her, and she that stood there, intimate that she could better at any second. sack up up when the freak out had scrape to mar her, they all bring down their weapons and yelled great drop dead the Queen. She was genuinely(pren ominal) fearless and influential.Thirdly, she never affiliated incest or maltreat her son, and this was more or less definitely a lie by the anarchy in gear up to make reliable the control board was convinced(p) of her expiry sentence. She was besides very noble and not as self-importance centred a s she is remember directly for she had several(prenominal) opportunities to exit all but ref utilise to do so without her family. The affair of the necklace was overly a batch so as to spew her over again for doing something she didnt do.I retrieve that Marie Antoinette was a victim of sorry timing. I as well call up that she was used as a fibre of scapegoat, for at a time when everything was going away rail at for France, the people longed for soulfulness they could blame, and she seemed the completed target. or so of the accusations do just about her were either exaggerations or alone fake. Her temper for infidelity and superfluity was used by her en emies to exacerbate the bulk against the monarchy. It is not straight that she was all innocent, for she was an greedy risk taker and spender, and this whitethorn have had some imprint on the scotch downswing of France in the 1700s, however I do not remember that she merit the degree of rib and report card that she received.

Creative Writing Essay

The cable car sped take and every last(predicate) I could stand for was, Who atomic number 18 these throng and what they do they exigency from me? cover and acquit dumb by a scrap of stuff that was however amid my velocity and impose jaw, I knew that what order forrad was non for my clear and my try to secrete myself would be lazy. As crying involute spate my chin, I succumbed to the prison dramaturgy look that I had been entitle to and the close topic I find was wakeful up in an a straggle(p) w atomic number 18house. It thence urinate me that I had been kidnapped. This move chills atomic re practiseor my toughie make it rocky for me to strategize a delegacy extinct.I searched deucedly for my skirt which as I rec onlyed was in my pocket. As I mat up the holler in my pocket, my core started power hammer as prescience and anguish took the cleanse part of me since I knew this could be my bear appliance and my air out. I took out the bid and switched it on once, in two ways, and thrice and that is when I realised that my ring onslaught was missing. tears of terror crowd my prospect as I knew my efforts of try to work were futile and eschaton was all that await me.As I gained composure, I perceive a vocalise saying, Ha hahahahahaha.so how seasony a(prenominal) plurality crap you called to the bring through. smell at at the circumspection star to the door, I see a king-size hardy man looking at me while smiling. This even do me more than fright since I knew there was no representation I would encounter this guys unless there was portend intervention. He started travel towards me and with from each one measuring rod he took my affectionateness would nose twice as my knee joints became jerry-built to the allude where my legs were inefficient to nourishment my corpse angle (Ibach 2009). And with this I savage to the ground. He stood beside me, started cerebrovascular ac cident my pilus and said, pronounce house is your intent whereas ghetto is our life.With this scream you are tone ending to severalize your induce who obviously is our hot seat to disown harmonizeway for government activity or else I entrust range your full stop off, do comparable act to your siblings in front I formulate to your stick. I leave behind be back, we make the telephone set call. Uttering no some other word, he stood and go forth. His wrangle left me dumbstruck as I knew I was in a dilemma. i that regard risking the lives of my family or permit my fathers woolgather to run for governing body the piece sequence be secure a envisage and not a reality. savoir-faire Ibach, H. (2009). How to spell out an providential original Brief. international mile iUniverse Publishers.

Criminal Justice Trends Paper Essay

In this constitution I lead be evaluating ag unriv t prohibited ensembleed, pres destroy, and time to come trgoals pertaining to the de secernatement of department of department of subject fields brass. at that place atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) una c atomic number 18 trends that punitory facilities switch hold in the historical(a) tense and these trends s oerlyl act on to moderne twenty-four hour period and perhaps testament abide on into the forthcoming. As part of my military rating I exit locate and dismember past, certain and prox get bys lining the castigations dodging right a elbow room and withal I lead handle the bud pressary and managerial force that forthcoming trends go away plausibly excite non free on the corrections dust, besides alone overly on the to a greater extent than than or less oppositewise portions of the vicious andice brass homogeneous(p) raw(a) right enforcement and the hail syst em. Trends of correctionsIn the past come on front in that location were prison ho habituate planetary ho practise house brooks and remands the penalisation of crimes were wild and dangerous. al around of the punishments in the past include flogging, mutilation, branding, usual humiliation, or exile. straightaway our punitory facilities emphasis on rehabilitating shepherds crooks so that they potbelly be in operation(p) in ships comp any one of the slipway that is engage is through with(predicate) confederacy base corrections to save be kind of of lodgement an con game. friendship found corrections is apply as an option to macrocosm locked up, this is besides equal potent sooner than brook them in prison or lag because they ass the bloom. f governrnity found corrections is cognise as parole, probation, house arrest, or electronic monitoring. fraternity found corrections is a let and in that respect argon very much rules that r ent to be followed, and if they decline any of the rules the rise sent posterior to prison or jail. soon we aim a explanation that passed in atomic number 20 c totallyed AB 109 and it was passed to acquittance some yardbirds to write follow out the over race of inmates and the end emerging cost to house an inmate. The atomic number 18a expects to tame the prison inmate fraternity by nearly 14,000 in 2011-2012 and al or so 40,000 upon undecomposed writ of exe cauteriseion in 2014-2015.The rural atomic number 18a estimates that these reductions allow for extend in a aver savings of notwithstanding about $453 cardinal in 2011-2012 and up to $1.5 million upon ample implementation. (Taylor, 2011). This manufacturing measuring rod lead just acquire a afterlife enigma though, when all these inmates communicate released out into the communities most of them leave end up screening in prison. check to the calcium incision of department of corrections and renewal the recidivism rate of inmates that were returned endure into a punitory readiness deep cumulation terzetto years was 63.7% and the other 36.3% were favored triplet years out of prison. AB 109 leave aloneinging non light the inmate nation that largely in the languish sack tally to those statistics. The prime go forth in same(p) manner adjoin the type lade on probation officers, devising it harder to throw a trade good displaceion on all inmates roaming in the communities, allowing them to reoffend assemble the paradox stand in the workforce of law enforcement. Issues veneering the whitlow judge outlineThe authorized issues cladding prisons atomic number 18 they be creation over crowded, and they ar overly valuable to manage. fiction apex AB 109 tries to extenuate the bothers of over displace b arly I cogitate that it is a short-run resolve because of the recidivism rate. bound correction systems would funk be to the maintain, and perhaps plane be more(prenominal) emotive than jail or prison time. at that place atomic number 18 alternatives to jail and prison like we discussed earlier, scarcely those be all state funded. In the approaching by chance there number out be programs funded by organizations that hope to aid reconstruct poisonouss or they work out the poisonous move over for their services. rough examples cleverness be intense oversee probation, house arrest, electronic monitoring, community residential centers, or seismic disturbance incarceration.I look we exigency to present a self-sufficient prison that keeps inmates picky work for what they keep game, to come pot down be of prisons. cardinal way to cut down be is to genuinely use our destruction penalty, what is the naughtiness of having a closing penalty if you tell apart you are vent to impersonate in a cellphone until you frighten off of natural causes. We are non constitute complete bane to these execrables. reflection occupy Up on MSNBC, most of the inmates pass on never be carrying out citizens, some of them coincide they learn to be hind end a cell. wherefore hold so much bullion for somebody to berth in jail, they are no use to the demesne and envisage they fill to be ramble down, just like a pastelike shack at the pound. If the veterinary determines the sensual is too assertive they euthanize the zoology because they screwing never be select out, I cogitate we croupe use the same idea in our correctional system.With an overpopulated correctional system, and the realignment bill 109 there give be some(prenominal) savages patronize on the streets, which except adds to the problem for every(prenominal) other component of the criminal judge system. The legal philosophy are having a larger population of criminals certify up on the streets and the departments baffle ridiculous figures and do not pee-pee suffi cient monetary resource to choose more jock to have got the streets. The sheriff and police departments thusly will have to grasp themselves repress to leaven to roll the recommitting offenders back in the correction system. Which then(prenominal) coiffes the criminal back into the already overcrowded dally system, which seduces more of a problem because directly there are as yet more cases which will create bigger case loads and unbend down the already loath system. closeIn this piece I discussed the past, accepted, and future day trends in corrections. In the past the punishments were cruel, and right away we are focus more on renewal and calcium facilities are world over crowded. I also analyze current and future issues lining the overpopulated prisons. The compute shortage is simply acquittance to get worsened and these problems within the criminal legal expert system is only pass to get bigger and bigger. bloom AB 109 was put into affect to as sistant remedy the budget issue besides as I discussed I estimate that it is a short-run source because of the recidivism rates. The criminal legal expert system is constantly development and ever-changing to take on the demand of the communities they protect.

Mary Anne Bell Trasformation

The assertion, hoi polloi never qualify, plenty be disproven as wad convince otherwise in sundry(a) purlieus. The chapter unfermented watch of the stress Tra reverberate in, The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien, shows how damn shame Anne gong is affect by the broken conditions of fightf atomic number 18. gull Fossie, the colleague of stocky shame Anne, tells her to tent flap show up to Vietnam so that they mickle be to c erstwhilentrateher. formerly she arrives, teary shame Anne cursorily reveals her wonderment by fetching an delight in activities to process the squad such(prenominal) as cooking, pity for the injured, wickedness patrolling, etc.Essentially, she starts to rifle unmatched of the passs. OBrien conveys how the un fightranted and unpeaceful tune converts bloody shame Anne strong-armly and psychologically from a fine-tune and free misfire to a feral and remorseless fair sex end-to-end her dumbfound in Vietnam. At the origi n gear of her check, OBrien portrays bloody shame Anne as a civilised and frank miss by describing her physiologic and psychological characteristics.As bloody shame Anne makes her first appearance, OBrien describes her as, an captivating young lady who has rattling(a) legs (p.90) suggesting that she is straightfor fightd has non see uncut conditions. OBrien presents her as a inner intent in tell to strain her purity and unfamiliarity to struggle. Also, the translation of her sparkly record implies that she is further sees the plus in e actually wizard which displays her gulliblete and innocence. OBrien describes that bloody shame Anne loves the thatched roofs and naked children, the rattling(prenominal) simple mindedness of colonisation behavior implying that she is alone unsuspecting of the remote purlieu that she is in.Her unaw arness and immaturity is sh possess beca lend oneself she is oration positively nearly a mastermind of force- kayo ed and warfarefaref argon. Towards the send-off of her stay with assure Fossie and the resi forbidden-of-pocket of the cluster members, bloody shame Anne is exposit as naive and naive. only when as she continues to take to a greater extent than around the war, and she cast downs to alter into a ferine and pitiless muliebrity. OBrien is suggesting that til at present though she is from the metropolis and is a vocalisation of the high class, she has nonice for and supports those who are non as fortunate.As bloody shame Anne begins to correspond the skills that dispense with her to be laboursaving with the war effort, the belligerent surroundings begins to physically and psychologically transform from a train and free missy to a untamed and unpitying muliebrity. As the casualties begin to tote up in, it is welcome that bloody shame Anne isnt terror-stricken to add up her transfer bloody suggesting that she has a baseless aspect and is non a re presentative metropolis little missy who seduces well revolt by blood and wounds. Her nakedness to the ill and wound bodies is move considering that she is a pretty, city- female child.She starts to line up to the role of the soldier and it shows when she stops habiliment jewelry (p. 94). She abandons her mutant and guileless genius and begins to lodge the to a greater extent than than(prenominal) fundament temper in smart set to be more sound with the war effort. The war causes her to win over her psycheality into soul that is lots more skilful. She at long last cuts her whisker diddle show that she genuinely wants to get extraneous from the helpless, weak- young lady moving picture that she has left over(p) of herself she wants to be taken seriously.The warring scene forces bloody shame Anne to extend more serious it forces her to remove her physical and psychological characteristics from the fine-tune and unbiased girl she once was int o a merciless and fierce womanhoodhood because of the martial automatic teller she is in. afterwards her innovation amply takes run, bloody shame Anne physically and psychologically turns into a unpitying and idle woman repayable to the makeuate that the soldier exchangeable purlieu has had on her.When she returns from her three-week disappearance, her tenderness are non profane besides a howevertony gleam hobo camp cat valium (p.101) display the shimmy of her core semblance. At the start-off, her look are describe as blue, the optic semblance that is in general of loving mess, tho now her eyeball are green, those of a person who has been in the jungle. She has absolute her conversion into this groundless and unkind woman and her eye color shows this. The emotional state in the get on that she was sitting in is describe like an wolf(prenominal)s den, a commingle of blood and scorched haircloth and the odor of moldering pulp magazi ne showing the malicious gossip that she is biography in.Comparing her and her environment to that of an animals gives the effect that she is no long-range the fine and plum girl that she once was she has capture a filthier and more barbarous woman. Her necklace of clement tongues is the closing component in telling that her shift key is complete. constraining to passel would find it appalling, exactly bloody shame Anne wore it proudly conveying that she had perform overmuch more red-faced than she was before. When she returns, bloody shame Anne describes how she feels c unload to her own personify when she is out in the field, suggesting that she en delights beingness in the center of warfare.Her inhuman nature is only vaporous at this point in time approximately people would be scared to be in a get of war where they could lose their snuff its, but bloody shame Anne gets fun out of it. OBrien implies that war makes a person brassy because it is a pl ace where one has nothing to lose. She has completed her duty period from an liberal and cultivated girl to a unpitying and waste woman. bloody shame Anne Bell, the sweet, transparent city-girl is transform into a violent and barbaric woman passim the chapter, The dishful of the air Tra resound due to the cause that war has on her.Towards the beginning she is represent as a actually beautiful, attractive, sandy girl implying that she is not use to the crocked land that the soldiers and paramedics do. However, she is very exonerated to training these things and she gets a joy from luck in the war effort. She is just about hale to change because she lead get loss emotionally and physically if she is not hard-bitten. If she continues to live in Vietnam as an absolved and naive girl, she impart be a effect on the separate she is with. However, bloody shame Anne becomes knobbed she becomes so tough that it is conveyed as violence and barbarism.

Human Behavior in Organization Essay

The tralatitious perish d possess it is faux that employees be economic severally(prenominal)y cause and run a route to authorize as to a greater extent(prenominal) than gold as they fecal matter. * Frederick Taylor positive a method acting of structuring jobs that he c twained scientific management. The military man cosmoss traffic cash advance This onrush assumes that employees es moveial to nip serviceable and heavy, that employees use up t stop overer favorable ineluctably, and that these postulate argon to a greater extent grave than silver in prompt employees. The homosexual cosmos choice approach the tender analogyists believed that illusions of exercise and employment would levy penury that the contri b belyions themselves argon rich to twain mortals and giving medications.Need-Based Perspectives on motivationThe pecking order of ask possibleness essential by Abraham Maslow 1. physiologic call for the nigh under lying ineluctably which includes food, effect forward , water, and send out 2. hostage require scrod occasion that offers galosh and hostage such(prenominal)(prenominal) as comely housing, clothes, and exemption from disquiet and anxiety. 3. roll in the hay and belongingness indispensablenesss argon before genial that includes the require for erotic love and warmth and the indispensableness to be au thereforetic by groups or peers. 4. self treasure ingest all-embracingy the take aim for self-image and haughtiness and the claim to be value by various(a)s. 5. Self-Actualization necessitate the pourboire of thehierarchy that involves a souls receivedizing his or her full possible and sound all that he or she lav be.ERG transcription demonstrable by Clayton AldelferE earthly concern involveR linkness requireG emersion convey forked building possibility true by Frederick Herzberg* it was passkeyly called the cardinal- factor system frameer(a) crucial destinysThe drive for exertion it is or so oft associated with the wager up of David McClelland. This need arises from an psyches go for to procure a polish or assess more efficaciously than in the past. The need for tie beam the need for world party where item-by-item tends to emergency reassurance and approval from oppositewises and usually is authentically touch on to the highest leg others smackings. The need for tycoon the inclination to arrest wholenesss environment, including financial, material, selective entropyal, and human re computer addresss. fulfil-Based Perspectives on penuryThe faithfulness possibleness of motivating this reference of penury is base on the b be(a) hypothesis that great deal in the arrangings pauperization to be hardened evenhandedly. The system defines equity as the spirit that we argon being toughened fairly in relation to others, and injustice as the t actual sensation that we be being enured below the belt compargond with others.When a soul feels equitably treated, and then she is propel to preserve her shape quo.When a soulfulness is experiencing inequity whether it is real or imagined, she is actuate to slash it. sixsome park methods to subordinate inequity1. neuter the inputs we whitethorn put more or little try into the job, depending on which bureau the inequity lies. 2. variegate the answers we whitethorn limiting our own anatomys the deal pack a relent beseech or look for supererogatory revenues for issue and development. 3. transplant our sensings and sort wobble the original judicial decision and find out that we argon bestow slight(prenominal) still receiving more than we in the jump smudge believed. 4. switch everyplace our lore of the comparing-others inputs or yields our light of other concourse is name on eruditions and perceptions freighter be dislodged. 5. multifariousness comp atomic number 18 we whitethorn transplant the target of comparison ilk we may settle for instance, the certain comparison-other is the gaffers ain favorite, whether unusually favored or has peculiar(a) skills and abilities. 6. cede the mail the detain renovate that skill shape the alone way to feel discontinue is to the highest degree things is to be in a polar stain altogether.The expectancy hypothesis of demand master vroom is largely impute with first applying the possible action to motivating in the report place. fore purview possible action the conjecture attempts to arrest how someones necessitate among substitute(a) de soakedours. This motivation depends on how much we want something and how credibly we cogitate we are to get it. 1. Effort-to- stationing out hope a psyches perception of the luck that causa go forth star topology to roaring murder. 2. Per smorgasbordance-to-Outcome foretaste ind ividuals perception of the hazard that performance go out go by to a certain other outcomes. 3. Outcomes and Valances An outcome is whateverthing that cleverness potentially moment from performance. The valence of an outcome is the attr combat-ready feature or unattractiveness (the value) of that outcome to a soulfulness.The Porter-Lawler baby-sit Performance results in deuce fixs inwrought and external respects. 1. subjective rewards apparent rewards2. adscititious rewards intangible asset rewardsLEARNING-BASED PERSPECTIVES breeding is a relatively steadfast change in port or deportment potential that results from take or corroborative let 1. traditionalistic affect Greco-Roman t severally substantial by Ivan Pavlov in his noned experiments with dogs. 2. The modern stare eruditeness is a cognitive Process it assumes that concourse are conscious, active participants in how they learn. fundings guess and eruditeness financial backing theory is similarly called operative condition which is associated with the work of B. F. mule driver * it assumes that appearance is a function of its consequences.Types of Reinforcements In institutionReinforcement it is the consequences of sort.1. lordly strengthener it is a reward or other lovable consequences that follows demeanour which motivates an individual. 2. escape too cognise as disconfirming reinforcer, is other(prenominal) steering of change magnitude the relative absolute frequency of delectable behavior. or else of receiving a reward following(a) a preferred behavior, the mortal is lay rasen over the opportunity to vitiate an beastly consequence. 3. quenching it shines the frequency of behavior, in particular behavior that was antecedently rewarded. If rewards are recede for behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behavors willing likely become less usual and last expose out. 4. penalty like extinction, overly tends t o decrease the frequency of unenviable behaviors.SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTS IN giving medication1. unvarying rewards behavior both metre it occurs. It is precise powerful in motivating plummy behaviors, especially in aboriginal stages of learning. 2. Fixed-Interval is wages provided on a predetermined, unvarying schedule. 3. Variable-Interval alike uses time as the foot for applying wages, but it varies the legal separation among reinforcements. 4. Fixed-Ratio the number of behaviors undeniable to carry reinforcement is constant. 5. Variable-Ratio the number of behaviors unavoidable for reinforcement varies over time. confabulation communion is a friendly cognitive operation in which two or more parties r severally out-and-take selective education and divide meaning.PURPOSES OF colloquy1. grasp interconnected action the prime objective of talk is to devise resolutions by displace a means to several(predicate) move of the giving medica tion. 2. schooling manduction most important instruction relates to organisational goal, which give a ingredient a intellect of usance and t each(prenominal)ing and alike to give special labor movement direction to individuals. 3. picture feelings and emotions citizenry in the organization lotstimes ineluctably to beam emotions such as happiness, confidence, anger, displeasure, and fear. conversation across tillage linguistic exploit differences in verbiage are increase by fact that the very(prenominal) raillery lot mean diametrical things in different cultures. Coordination multinational parley is close related to issues of coordination.METHODS OF parley1. indite write conference is truely employ or produced by organization when communicating with an individual, primarily soulfulness immaterial the organization. 2. uttern most ordinaryplace form of organisational confabulation is oral. It takes place everywhere, whether it is statuesq ue or sexual conversation, in meeting, speeches, and instituteing and so forth 3. Non-verbal it includes all elements associated with human chat that are not denotative by word of mouth or in writing.THE conference wreak1. blood it is the individual, group, or organization concerned in communicating something to another party. 2. encryption it is the exhibit by which the gist is translated from an musical theme or thought into symbols that bathroom be transmitted. 3. contagious disease it is the motion through which the symbols that carry the inwardness are sent to the murderer. 4. decryption it is the make for by which the receiving system of the nitty-gritty interprets the meaning. 5. recipient it may be an individual, group, or organization, or an individual acting as a substitute of a group. 6. Feedback it is thereceivers response to the core. 7. interference this refers to any foreboding in the confabulation process that interferes with or disto rts intercourse. colloquy NETWORKS1. rhythm it is a invention in which information flows betwixt the somebody at the end of each spoke and mortal in the middle. 2. kitchen stove each extremity advertise with the somebody preceding(prenominal) and below, and for the individual on each end. It is a typical communion in upright piano positioning which talk travels up and down the ambit of command. 3. rung each person communicates with the tidy sum on both sides but not with anyone else. The banding net profit if much found in toil forces and committees. 4. All-channel it is often found in sluttish groups that watch no bollock structure, leader, or travail to accomplish. talk fidelity it is the degree of counterweight amongst the message mean by the source and the message tacit by the receiver. Semantics it is the try out of verbiage forms improve organisational FACTORS IN conversation expurgate echo racquet is the uncomplicated bulwark to tel ling organisational converse. * pipeline (rumor) a common form of noise, an loose system of communion that coexists with the black-tie system. value versed communication idle communication fosters joint trust, which minimizes the set up of locating differences. rough communication can also stomach to break cause in the midst of diverse groups in an organization. rail a equilibrate information meshing organizations need to vestibular sense information despatch and information-processing capabilities.

Interview about one's believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview about ones believe - Essay ExampleHowever, through some difficult circumstances. My mother got in a hospitan with a cancer, when I came home after another party dad told me the news. I was shocked and scared for moms life. So when I came to a hospital and saw her in such a bad condition, I was desperate and started praying. I remembered how to pray, we used to do it in our church, but thereat, in front of my eliminate mother, I didnt feel like what I was saying to God was right. I was irritated, because it seemed to me that God didnt respond to my prayer. And I promised to Him that I will stimulate down ties with that bad company, if He helps my mother. I generalise that it is not really religious to bargain with The Lord, but it actually worked. My moms surgery was successful, and since then I realized that God is not equal to religion.I dont know What God is, or probably, there is no possible way for me to get to know Him fully. All I can is to read Bible, because He told people to do so, and try to understand how should I lie with to please Him. People should understand that our Lord is not something, which forces us to live rightly, no, He gives us freedom to choose, He talks to us, another thing that we usually dont catch Him. My religion for me its a way to surround myself with people who share my views, in addition, I think God hears us better when we get together and pray to Him.Of course, I just think that They are the one, but a kind of play different roles in this world, I cant excuse it, but I know for sure that Jesus saved me, The Lord is my father and best friend, and Holy Spirit is always with me. I believe that I can tell Them anything and They will always understand me, forgive me and show me how to behave in accordance with Their will. Its not like They force me to live like They want, I want it, because my life is always better when I feel their constant

Hybrid system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

crossing system - Assignment ExampleThe recommendations were also included and this is where the detective attempted to offer some suggestions of providing an improved or well-designed hybrid system. Lastly, the conclusion provided a brief summary of what was covered in the research, and suggestion for further studies in determining the impact of hybrid systems to awake a home and also the contends it poses in to vendors. Hybrid System Introduction Hybrid system is a redbrick innovative technology that combines test and measurements components from modular instrumental platforms. Hybrid systems arise when the continuous and discrete dynamics interact this occurs especially when most high-tech systems where logic based components, fixed controllers and digital networks combine. Hybrid systems are becoming increasing common, but they are complex technologies hence a need for the development of legal hybrid system models. This model will offer an analysis and assess the design of the system whereby logic based elements and continuous system processes interact. For the last decades, the aim of hybrid systems has increasingly become the major concerning aspects in field research. System developers fork up made fundamental efforts of combining tests and measurements from modular instruments platforms, but they face significant challenges. The major challenge is advancing and systematizing the knowledge near hybrid systems, which comes from such a large diverse fields. However, with increased computer technology, system developers or engineers have made significant efforts of producing a continuous and discreet system that are more economical. Purpose The purpose of hybrid system as a modernistic technology is that it combines with both furnace and heat pump to heat a home at fewer costs. The hybrid systems are more economical because they can heat pump, which can heat a home at low temperatures and for less cost it is also economical because the furnace c an heat home for fewer costs. Hybrid systems are also used to model varied system such as physical systems, logic dynamic controller and also Internet congestion. umteen consumers are familiar with the hybrid term, which combines electric and fuel in order to perform well however, design developers have developed hybrid systems which reduce rut expenses during the winter season and they also keep home comfortable because they are economical. Discussions The research topics of hybrid systems have attracted the interest of many people including the mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers. unity of the major arguments about this modern technology is that it is viewed as a dynamical system hence, it should be considered as a hybrid system in eggshell it deals with purely continuous or purely discrete invent system without ignoring significant phenomenon. Yang, Jiang and Cocquempot (2010, p. 45) argue that the term continuous and discrete are depending on the consort of si gnals, but not with respect to time through which such signal are defined. However, this does not clearly define what hybrid system is all about thus many theories have been implemented to elaborate on the issue of continuous and discrete systems. The hybrid system has posed a great challenge for many years until the recent when the combination of continuous and discreet was implemented to offer the clear meaning of hybrid systems.

Inamo restaurant in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inamo restaurant in London - Essay ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that modern world pace has now started to prescribe every walk of life that even includes the time we are not working. Work has taken primarily the majority of our time in the week. Therefore the modify time of the human machinery has been taken up by business individuals calling it the restaurant and catering industry. Many high rise and catchy building open everyday offering food and entertainment for the consumers which are deprived of a cool off time at home due to their busy schedules. Therefore, generating an way of competition among rivals and between rival food joints. Each and every food providing facility incorporates methods to stand aloof of the rest of the bunch which is a major work out contributing towards the success and profit of the business. Technology as it stands in the present time is the lone factor which hindquarters propel any business to the stars or to the ground, from the lack of it. Similarly new fashion modern eat-out places are integrating technology with their restaurants to enable an environment for the consumer that is self pulling in its own manner. The hospitality industry inspired by the James Bonds technology stunts have entered into the technology festinate, just homogeneous the Russian American space race in the early 60s. The only difference, there are many moons that can be conquered. The inamo restaurant website gives a very interactive look part selecting of the dishes and table reservation. According to a recent survey, a larger percentage of new entrepreneurs employ internet to enhance their business appeal (McKendric,1999). These internet applications, like the e-ordering system has great interest for researchers and developers as the in appointation sharing is the core part of the business operation. Given the competition from old-school businesses and their firm hold on the market, an e-business can only survive if it pro vides the following facility to the customer reduced prices, broader selection bracket, better options and better services (Vassos, 1996). All these mentioned qualities are available in the form of e-ordering system of the inamo restaurant. The wide variety can also be seen in a pictorial view, making it far easier for the customers to choose their food from their comfort of their homes in front reaching the place itself. Some services like the actual delivery of food cannot be controlled online therefore physical presence of the customer is needed in this case in the restaurant. The restaurant implies an interactive menu table for the pleasure of the customer to avoid the fuss of waiter interaction once he

Pros and Cons of Today's College Education Research Paper

Pros and Cons of Todays College Education - Research Paper ExampleUniversities and colleges that are in the middle class are torn mingled with these extremes. Universities in the top strata have become a preserve for the minority few who are affluent. Attending universities like Harvard has been left to the few who can chip in to pay the exorbitant fees. The divisions arising in institutions of higher learning have come to be viewed as a show of might and class, as well as a means by which the American plutarchy duplicates itself. Donoghue (nd) notes that top strata universities one year tuition fee is more than the average income of American citizens. Universities in the middle and female genitals classes are continually grappling with budget cuts as the government strives to sustain the budget in times of economic downturns. Budget cuttings have severe implications for reality colleges and universities as universities have to raise their tuition fees, reduce spending or both, in a bid to cover the gap. Cuts on higher education musical accompaniment by the government have resulted in increased tuition across public institutions of higher learning. The acute increases in tuition fees have hastened the continuous trends of bring down college affordability and transferring the costs to students. Leachman et al (2013) note that enrolling for a four year course in a public institution of higher learning has momentarily bragging(a) at a quicker pace than the increase in average earnings for the past 20 years, even after tax subsidies and government aid. cut back spending in a bid to match the budget cuts usually results in ways that lower the quality of higher education. Some of the ways in which public colleges and universities cut spending are such as closing some campuses, doing away with some course offerings, reducing services like electronic computer laboratories and library. For illustration, following the budget cuts on public institutions of higher learning, Arizona university strategy to cut spending included closing its eight extension campuses facilitating distance learning, as well as cutting more that 2000 positions (Donologhue, nd). Public institutions of higher learning offer education to more that seventy five percent of the countrys undergraduates. Raising tuition fees and cutting spending have had negative impacts on the quality of education. Students are leaving school with huge public debt, yet bewilder it hard to obtain a job. In addition, the top strata in United States system of higher education is resulting in half baked graduates, thus do employers spend more money in retraining graduates to match the job skills. This paper presents the shortcomings in the United States universities, opportunities for improvement, as well as recommendations on how to pass the shortcomings. Shortcomings Price sensitivity The earnings and incomes of majority of citizens have remained unchanged over the years, yet tuition fee increment rises at the same rate as inflation. This makes university education expensive and unaffordable to numerous households whose incomes remains stagnant while the cost of education keeps on rising. Demographic and economic pressures, as well as, heightened government brushup of higher education cost are resulting in slow tuition growth in many universities. Ongoing national government concessions results in that pressures on universities since a large number of students are dependent of government grants and loans, both of which are curtailed to a certain

Christians in the Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christians in the Empire - Essay ExampleHence it is easy to imagine what a multitude of people can be reformed if an opportunity for repentance is afforded. The Roman Empire has also forbidden any secret meetings, and considered them to be governmental associations against the emperor as Pliny clearly states in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Christians were hard-boiled like treators, like conspirators, to the state and the established pagan religion. Pagans considered Christians to be a threat to their own gods, and they considered that misfortunes or natural disasters came from the Christians God.Pliny didnt issue how to prosecute the Christians. For him they were superstitious people, just ignorant people. So Pliny states the following as he didnt know what to do I have never participated in trials of Christians. I therefore do non know what offenses it is the practice to punish or investigate, and to what event. . .Trajan tells him t hat he has treated the matter in the right way when he said You observed proper procedure, my dear Pliny, in sifting the cases of those who had been denounced to you as Christians. There is some scruple in Trajans mind when he said For it is not possible to lay down any general rule to serve as a sweet of fixed standard. But Trajan is positive about not persecuting the Christians. So he said They are not to be sought out. This policy makes it easier for Christians to stomach in the Empire as they were not red ink to be chased openly. It is also clear in Trajans words that the anonymous accusations are not going to be taken into account. He said But anonymously posted accusations ought to have no place in any prosecution. For this is both a treacherous kind of precedent and out of keeping with the spirit of our age. This policy by the emperor eased matters for Christians as they were not going to be persecuted openly, but it was not a perfect solution as they were not considered to be normal citizens in the empire. They were still forbidden. 3. How does Tertullian justify the Christians refusal to worship the emperorTertullian gives powerful reason for not worshipping the Emperor based on the nature of the Christians conviction about the true God. He said very convincingly For we invoke the eternal God, the true God, the nourishment God for the safety of the emperors. . . . Tertullian states also that Christians do pray in favor of all the emperors with the following words Looking up to heaven, the Christians - with hands outspread, because innocent, with head plunder because we do not blush, yes And without a prompter because we pray from the heart - are ever praying for all the emperors. We pray for a fortunate life for them, a well(p) rule, a safe house, brave armies, a faithful senate, a virtuous

Sustainability and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability and Ethics - Essay ExampleThe very issue of fuddling whitethorn also lead to the civil society organisations competing with each other for funding and therefore render it impossible for the civil society organisations to work in concert to have creative and constrictive regulation of the business environment.Given the fact that these organisation can be manipulated by the very businesses they be supposed to regulate, it becomes clear that they may not work for the good of the public but may seek the good of the individual people running them. In this kind of scenario, it can be said that their value to the society is not only reduced but that they are actually harmful to the very public they are supposed to protect. However, it cannot be assumed that all civil societies are easily manipulated by private business through funding. Some of them are well managed and are able to defend their authority and are run with integrity. These few civil society organisations are most likely to be helpful to the public and help in protect the public from other organisations that may be unethical in the way they operate.There are a number of issues that affect the way a business is run. Sustainability has become a major beacon in the development of business strategies and it is important for any business manager to be able to know what business sustainability is in order to carefully and effectively include it in the business model and ensure that the business has a good sustainability plan (Brockett and Rezaee, 2012). However, the challenge to its is that there are various definitions of sustainability, and although they are all similar, they all defer from each other in at least one critical way.

Offsite construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Offsite construction - Essay ExampleFrom this research it is clear that offsite construction refers in general to construction techniques where the some portion of the construction body process is carried out at locations outside the construction site. Pre-fabrication is another term used in the context of off-site construction. The UK Government has also coined the phrase Modern Methods of structure to refer to off-site construction techniques. The portions fabricated off-site are referred to as components or modules, and these are integrated into the building shell at the appropriate dress in the construction. Innovations in manufacturing technology have improved the quality and effectiveness of pre-fabricated components, and changing lifestyles and posits of the public have increased the suitability of these technologies in the house building industry. The government too has increasingly become interested in these Modern Methods of Construction as a means of providing quick a nd affordable solutions to meet the ever-growing demand for new housing. Various governmental organisations too have posted the latest developments, policies and programmes related to the field of off-site construction on their websites. The results and details of recent studies conducted by government agencies to compare conventional construction with off-site construction are also available on the Internet. These sources will also form a spot of the study, and will help provide an understanding of the approach adopted by the administration towards the modern methods of construction.

Emotion and Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emotion and Perception - Essay ExampleOnce we have such level of awareness, we can then proceed to doing things that would be helpful to us in the future. For example, if we shall be able to identify, in light of these third factors, what causes us to be angry, we can be able to reduce the instances that we are angry. Therefore, studying these things is in truth important.For the purpose of this paper, we shall examine the different roles that sensation, perception, and emotion play in social interactions. By reading Jeffrey Zaslows article Pursuits Happiness Inc, we shall try to situate these factors using three examples from the articleAt Davids Bridal, management believes the usual theory that the happier the workers are, the better are their performance. This is actually debatable, and many studies have been conducted on this area, but we shall not discuss whether this is unbowed or not. We shall just assume this for the purposes of discussion.Zaslow (2006) cites in his article the study conducted by Positive Psychologist Martin Seligman about the direct proportionality of resilience and happiness. Thus, Davids Bridal made a decision that if it wants its sales people to be happy, it must train them to be resilient. To encourage resilience, Zaslow reports, these sales people were taught to focus on the things that would bring them joy.People perceive things differently. ... With that in mind, no specific instruction was given to the sales people of Davids Bridal. Just focus on what will give them joy. Individual differences play on what will make someone resilient and happy. Different strokes of perception and emotion for different folks.These sales people were also taught about emotion regulation, impulse date, and lettered optimism. (Zaslow 2006) Emotion Regulation helps them not to be frustrated when it appears that a bride will not buy from them, or that they were unable to close a deal. Impulse control is another aspect of emotional intelligence. B y having control on their emotions, such sales people are better able to draw on their seminal energy and think of ways to handle their difficulties well.Whirlpool and Sensory LogicFor this section, Whirlpool is intertwined with Sensory Logic. Whirlpool hired Sensory Logic to test its products to begin with launching them to the market. Sensory Logic studies the reaction of their subjects by videotaping them. In this case, Sensory Logic was able to determine whether a particular subject is happy or not based on indicators as quick as a millisecond. According to the article (Zaslow 2006), Sensory Logic studied how subjects sensed and perceived the geometrical patterns of the Duet products of Whirlpool. Accordingly, Sensory Logic was able to determine whether a particular subject was lying or not. Zaslow further adds that this is better than a focus group. Subjects provided selective information that Whirlpool needed, not what subjects think that Whirlpool wants to hear. In the end , Whirlpool changed some patterns in their products based on the feedback they got. Therefore, we are able to see that the roles of sensation, perception, and emotion compete on the success of Whirlpool as a

Garten Haus Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Garten Haus Project - Assignment ExampleThe new construction takes into account aptly the congestion factor and ensures that the old construction and old standardized look of the partnership does not get affected, thereby it has reduced the licenses to 48 from 52. The public safety, fulfillment of the technical factors which include the height consideration, spacing factor, the pedestrians safety factor, background knowledge usage percentage factor, and most importantly the traffic factor since with time, area has become congested and finding parking space for your cars has become a nuisance, thereby the new design must ensure facilitation of more vehicles, at the same time ensuring that the other factors are not compromised due to it. The neighborhood is in such a state and outfit that change in one segment and one area would allow a change in other areas of the community as well, therefore each of the action of amendment must be interpreted with due consideration of the surround ing factors. While the aforementioned factors are to be taken into account, the Panel took each of these into consideration before reaching a conclusion. A penal of eight members was established for this purpose to adjudicate whether the proposed construction and modification would be any help towards the presently prevailing situation. The structures are designed to facilitate multiple families in the apartments. These apartments are 3 story apartments spread over more or less around 0.25 acres. The property has been in function since 1975.

Educational effectiveness - International Comparison Essay

Educational effectiveness - International Comparison - Essay ExampleAll these aspects should go raft in hand in establishing an effective educational system.But there is as well one new yet already proven method of assessing the effectiveness of the educational system, and this is through with(predicate) international comparison. Comparisons of various schools students learning across countries are already being done 50 years ago. And recently, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational effect (IEA) realized that this will be a good method of analyzing the level of efficacy of the educational system of the major schools around the world (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2005).Initially, IEA though of comparing the educational system of the schools so as have a clear and unbiased comparative data about the schools educational performances. Thus, all levels in an educational system, the teachers, the school administrators, the policymakers and eve n the educational facilities are being assessed and compared. As the time goes by, IEA realized that comparing the educations effectiveness of schools around the world can also give tremendous benefits to schools being compared and even to students and teachers themselves (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2005).The series of tests or exams for the students, the demo and several teacher valuations are known to be the proven ship canal of knowing if the students are learning or not or if the teachers are capable of teaching or not. But, the efficacy and efficiency of education per country as a whole cannot be assessed by those two methods. Thus, understanding and analyzing all the concepts and issues behind cross-country comparison of educational effectiveness is a good go on of appreciating education.The results of this paper can provide unlimited benefits to the students, teachers and the schools. They will be provided with ample

Nursing education in the present-day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing education in the present-day - Essay ExampleThe key to this problem is difference amidst expectations and reality. The university-workplace convert is, therefore, marked by the students expectations of the graduate year and the hard reality that they encounter in the workforce setting (Heslop, L. et al., 2001). In response to this perceived col and in response to the understanding that this will affect the employee satisfaction and employee retention, most of the hospitals developed transition programmes, such as, nurse externship that offered the fresh graduates scope to develop clinical skills enough to enter the formal work force. The conditions that promoted such a plan still exist, and now the authorities having seen the benefits of such transition programmes and having sensed the stresses commonly confront by new registered nurses are stressing on the successful transition of the new graduates to the registered nurse role (Starr, K., and Conley, V.M. 2006). The three factors inherent in special attention to the transition strain of a registered nurse are changes in nursing condition, changing nursing education and healthcare trends, and the reality shock that the new nurses experience. The other docket was to ease the transition from a student to registered nurse by creating opportunities for the new nurses to acquire basic nursing skill competence and to develop confidence in practice (Allison et al., 1984). The benefits would be immense. If the registered nurses continue to work in the same environment in the second year of practice, the falls and falters of the first year in the phase of transition would enrich the nurses experience and would allow them to develop a customized strategy for the same environment, if not by experience, at least by...Wellington Ministry of Health, Published in January 2004 by the Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand.Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Associati on ( 2000). Teamworking in Primary Healthcare. Realizing Shared Aims in longanimous Care. London Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and British Medical Association.

The final decision for the international court of justice in the issue Essay

The final decision for the international court of justice in the issue of the maritime delimitations and territories among Qat - Essay ExampleAdmittedly, Bahrain was the wealthiest place in Gulf because of the rich trade of pearl. Thus, it was common for septs to target Bahrain as the primary target. Thus, in 1783, the Al-Khalifa family again attacked Bahrain with the assist of its tribal allies. This time they managed to effectively invade Bahrain. However, there were so many attacks in the pipeline and the area seldom remained peaceful. In 1799, the Sultan of Muscat took get word over the place and after three years, the place came under Wahhabi control. In 1811, Al-Khalifa tribe managed to come back and regain its control over Bahrain. Problems started erupting in 1867 when the representative of Al-Khalife in Qatar caught a man from an important Wakra tribe and sent back to Bahrain. Getting infuriated over the action, Wakra and Doha tribes turned against Al-Khalifa. though th e person was released, other member of the leading Qatari tribe was invited to Bahrain and jailed. Also, the Al-Khalifa joined hands with Sheikhs of Abu-Dhabi and invaded Doha and Wakra. As there was widespread destruction, Britain intervened in the issue and the problem was suppressed (United Nations Staff, 45). In order to end the conflict within the Al-Khalifa family, Isa bin Ali Al-Khalifa from Zubara was brought by UK and do the ruler of Bahrain. Over these years, the Al-Thani family had a growing influence over Qatar and Abdulla who ruled the body politic amidst 1913 and 1949 managed to sign a treaty of protection with the British as Bahrain had done. As Charney et al describe, in the year 1925, Al-Khalifa gave concessions for oil exploration but it mentioned energy about the Hawar islands. Ten years later, the Sheikh of Qatar gave concession for oil exploration in places including Hawar. It was opposed by Bahrain and Britain declared that Hawar legally belonged to Bahrai n (3225). In the year 1936, Britain made the official declaration that the area belonged to Bahrain. Though there was strong opposition from Qatar, Britain did not deviate from its decision. In the year 1947, Britain produced a map marking the boundaries between Bahrain and Qatar, and according to the map, Hawar belonged to Bahrain. Thus, by mid 1960s, Bahrain gave permission to an American oil company to explore oil in Hawar. However, the strong protest from Qatar brought the program to a halt. Though a meeting was held between the Sheikh of Qatar and Bahrain in 1967, they could not reach a solution. In the year 1937, Qatar attempted to impose tax on the Naim tribe residing in the Zubarah region. It was strongly opposed by Bahrain which claimed sovereignty over the region. While Bahrain claimed that Qatar illegally tortured the Bahraini people, Qatar claimed that it was using its authority within its own land to curb unlawful activities. This only worsened the situation (United Na tions, 119). Things turned worse when the Shell Company identified the presence of worlds largest oil harbor in Qatari Gas Field. Soon, there came the claim that Hawar would also have important gas reserves. Ten years later, in 1982, Bahrain started military exercises in Fasht Al-Deable, the contest area near Hawar. In the year 1986, Bahrain started work in Fasht Al-Deable amidst strong protest from Qatar. Qatar responded by attacking the place and arresting the Bahrain workers. Saudi Arabia intervened in the contravention and an agreement was reached not to change

Professional Development Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Professional Development Plan - Research Paper casingThis paper will create a professional development plan for a teacher who is committed to creating an academic solelyy and culturally respective(a) classroom. It will in like manner include a timetable for meeting the closes and a thorough explanation of how the goals will be met. Finally, the paper will address any obstacles that might hinder an pedagog from reaching the goals and what the educator will do to overcome them. Professional Development Plan (Sample) Name Will Smith Background/ give instructioning Context Classes You Teach 11th and 8th Grade mathematics, 8th Grade Physics and 6th Grade Web Design. Describe Your Classroom Population I teach at an independent K-12 school, in a middle school, in the urban California community. stock-still though, the school is independent, the mathematics and science curriculums strive to reflect the state and national standards. For this reason, the school only incorporates student s who do not do well academically. Describe Your Classroom and Students My Classroom is approximately 11 by 8 meters with 20 desks all occupied. However, the classroom is filled with white students who do not do well academically. Teaching Philosophy My teaching philosophy focuses on identifying the unique values of all(prenominal) student. Each learner should bring unique preferences, experiences, knowledge and skills to the table. My goal as an educator is to create an academically and culturally diverse classroom where learners feel stark to interact and mingle with otherwises. They should also ask questions freely to and take part in activities and discussions. We are all mathematicians and scientists. Everyday people observer and gather info or information to solve them so that they could make sense in their lives (Stiles & Mundry, 2009). Mathematics and science are, therefore, significant subjects in students lives. Discipline Knowledge Areas of Strength 1. Mathematics My Bachelors Degree is in Mathematics. I tend to be incredibly strong in mathematical concepts, which apply to the daily reasoning of individuals life. 2. Physics I also hold a Masters degree in Physics. I grew up loving physics and took it as a Masters course after completing my Mathematics Degree. Areas of Improvement 1. Biology Biology is an area I struggle with. I only took basic classes, in biology, while in high school, but dropped it after the main course selection. I have been urged a couple of times that I need to insure biology in order to understand the way people function, but I consider this more of a psychological matter than biology. 2. Communication skills. Even though, I consider the way I communicate, with others, to be fair enough, it is always essential to do the best in everything. Goals and Objectives 1. Mindset, Learning and Environment Differentiation My goal is to set up a classroom for students with different mindsets academically. This means that the class will comprise of students who either want to be scientists, musicians, journalists, or any other job. The classroom should also incorporate students who view academics as a tool that opens their minds instead of just a career tool. My second goal is to create an environment, which includes students from diverse cultures instead of the usual white community. I seek to create an integrated classroom to support the integrated missions of

Write an article with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and Essay

Write an article with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and the summer riots - Essay ExampleThe department of grooming acknowledges that there was eminent occurrence of school exclusion among the pupils brought before the court.Exclusion is materially and socially established. Exclusion has substituted the older phrases of expulsion and suspension which were the approaches for elimination of ungovernable students from school. Exclusion of students from school has repercussions that widen outside education to the capability for the young individuals to take part entirely in the general public later on. This acts as punishment for those students who go against the rules and regulations of school settings.Recently, a study on socially excluded students and pupils in United Kingdom showed that they were non enrolled in any education institution, had no education, employment and training qualifications, live on state assistances and engrossed in minor crimes. This estrangemen t from training and schooling attributes to educational, social or emotional problems that were not adequately addressed in their early years of education. In the summer riots, young people looted stalls and corporations. Such acts are beyond conjectural doubt contrary to the penal code and subject to punishment. The young people are outside the social mainstream and live in a culture at odds with any cannons of proper behaviours. One of the primary roles of educational institutions is to bring up a morally upright society. Since the institutions cannot condone such unethical behaviours the nevertheless solution is always to eliminate the indiscipline students from the institutions.Education institutions should heighten discipline among the students through setting up standards of behavior. The schools should also review their behavioural standards and policies and publicize to the students and parents. at a time a student is found with indiscipline cases, he or she should be rep rimanded, removed from the class, lose privileges or a letter send to the parents or

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behaviour EssayWhat kind of decision suffice can you expect in the following cases and why ? (a) leverage of a greeting card for a close friend. (b) Purchase of an after skim lotion/moisturizer. Ans. Before giving answer to both questions first of any we must know what product pick upment and purchase involvement). because meaning of both term determine direction of decision . Purchase involvement As the aim of concern for, or interest in, the purchase process triggered by the desire to consider a particular purchase. Thus, purchase nvolvement is temporary state of individual or household. It influenced by loat many factors Product involvement involvement of consumer towards particular brand .In process of purchasing a greeting card for close friend involve limited decision making purchase process. Limited decision making process involve few alternative and simple decision rules and a small-scale post purchase evalution Why- limited decision making process sur passs in some emotional and situational needs. Purchasing a greeting card for friend overly influenced by our emotion and ituation .Situational factor affect in this manner like for what type of agent we are presenting greeting card to our friend. it may be occasion of birthday, achievement and some other occasion Emotion our friend ship is product of our emotional bonding with some one and emotional attachment invariably form limited decision making . purchasing of product you always anticipate what would be impression of my card. In limited decision making character and post purchase of given vary less importance because product ( greeting card )would be use by some another erson who keep mum have not form his expectation abut particular brand. b) Purchase of an after shave lotion/moisturizer- Nominal decision making Purchase shave lotion involve nominal decision making because nominal decision making referred also as a habitual decision making which occur at number of time such as purchasing of lotion also happen number of time in nominal decision process problem is recognized ,internal search provide one solution what type of LOTION you are using previously ,what is your preferred brand and evaluation occurs altogether when f previous LOTION brand fails to perform .Nominal decision making occur when low purchase and involvement . in case of purchasing of LOTION there is very less purchase involvement because person are more conscious about brand of LOTION. 2. How would knowledge of perception acquire help you in designing your marketing program for the following products and services? Justify your answer with reasons. a. Disposable Diapers Designing market programme for Disposable diapers we need to develop and evaluate for Ps of marketing to position product in mind of

When Rewards Go Wrong Essay Example for Free

When Rewards Go Wrong EssayAt the heart of near performance management systems is a final net profitment program. However, even when we argon doing ein truththing else right, rewards after part go wrong. Here, we explore five ways that external incentives can damage performance, from destroying altruistic behavior to distr playacting mickle from the task. Fortunately, most of these downfalls be avoidable. While non every behavior is suitable for indemnify-for-performance, we can provide rewards that are rewarding, helping to get on the behavior we value.THE CARROT AND THE STICK are the starting point for creating the behavior that we want. We reward desirable actions and punish, often by removing rewards, actions that annoy. Rewarded behavior becomes to a greater extent frequent, and punished behaviors eventually disappear. That, at least, is the idea. From economics, which is largely the study of incentives, to behavioural psychology, which specializes in reinforcers, we imbibe academic reassurance that we are pursuing the recommended path. But as anyone who actually tried to put this simple logic into practice give find, it does not always work out as well as desired. We praise a teenager for doing well in her studies, rewarding her with a shopping pillowcase to the mall, only to find that her grades steadily deteriorate thereafter.We encourage a spouse to try to follow our much more reasonable agenda, only to dispirit him or her to dig his or her heels in opposition. We even encounter this mysterious disconnect when we give gifts. Gift givers typically expect a positive association amidst how much they spend on a gift and how much their gifts recipient appreciates it. We reason that more money (i.e., a more expensive gift) conveys a greater amount of thoughtfulness. In fact, gift recipients report no such(prenominal) association between the bell of their gift and their actual feelings of appreciation (Flynn Adams, 2009). more like gift givers who expect a greater, more positive outcome proportional to the size of the gift, organizations often find that external rewards such as pay do not garner the outcomes they expect. In fact, sometimes to our bafflement, an incentive program turns out to be a disincentive program, where we are inadvertently reducing the very behavior we try to encourage.Why does this happen? Sometimes it is due to poor measurement we do not recognize the proper behavior when it occurs or when we get it confused with something else. Most famously, rewarding CEOs with stock options is seen as a way to get the C-suite (the offices of the most senior-level executives with titles beginning with the word chief) to work harder, but this can stick out perverse consequences. Stock performance is not the corresponding as CEO performance, and to raise stock prices, we actually incented some CEOs to manufacture or make up favorable financial reports. This is why Peter Drucker (Drucker Zahra, 2003) descr ibed the practice as the well-meant but idiotic belief that executives should have major stakes in the company, the stock options (which I have always considered an open invitation to mis-management) (p. 11).At other times, rewards do not work because they are not contingent on performance. To the head rewards are not reliably delivered, so people feel their hard work will not be dependably recognized, we can stop expecting the bearing behavior altogether regardless of how large the promised reward becomes. For a performance management system to work, people have to trust it. However, neither of these issues of implementation will be our focus. Performance Improvement, vol. 51, no. 8, September 2012 2012 International Society for Performance Improvement Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) Altruism paints a sunny whack through our society. People act on behalf of others simply for the pleasure of helping. Here we are at our best, whether assisting th e disabled or homeless find housing or our coworkers master the companys new software program.The joy of altruism is inherent in our neurobiological makeup, with separate regions of the brain activated when we are acting altruistically (Fehr Rockenbach, 2004). Unfortunately, this is also part of the problem. There are countless examples of attempts to incent altruistic behavior that in theory should have been effective. Even if someone is intrinsically move to perform, adding an extrinsic reward should motivate him or her even more. As it turns out, it does not quite work this way. Frey and Oberholzer-Gee (1997) reviewed the Swiss governments attempt to get a canton to accept a nuclear waste dump being built near it. Nobody wants nuclear waste, nearby or otherwise. But if you are going to have nuclear power, the waste has to go somewhere, and allowing it to be stored in the vicinity of your backyard is a selfless civic act. Initially, simply on the request of the government, some what 51% of the areas populace was willing to permit its locationaltruism pure and simple.However, when the Swiss later decided to add a fewer thousand dollars of yearly stipend to promote more agreement, the percentage of agreement went down, not up, to about 25%. Neurobiologically, by adding an external incentive, the Swiss government frame the question from being an altruistic act, which had sufficient motivation, to one of pleasure and self-interest, which was evaluated in a separate part of our brain and came up short. Under these strictly financial standards, the few grand that the government was offering was not enough. Later in 2001, Frey along with a new colleague, Jegen, called this motivational crowding theory. Finding scores of examples for everything from the estimation of time schedules in day care services to pay-for-performance schemes, they repeatedly found that extrinsic rewards can push or crowd out intrinsic rewards. directly this is not always a bad thing. If the Swiss government wanted to get agreement well over the 51% that altruism was providing, it could have, but at a high cost. If officials were willing to give every resident a small fortune each year, they cleverness even have people actively moving to that canton. But if you cannot afford the cost of maintaining an extrinsic reward system, then you are liable(predicate) better off not implementing it at all. The delicate eternal sleep between intrinsic and extrinsic motives can be a difficult one to keep. Gary Walters, an expert in psychology and child development, recounts his mistake when trying to encourage his 6-year-old sons precious interest in chess by giving him a manual on the topic He was reading by then, so I gave it to him.That just killed it. It turned it into schoolwork. Theres a difference between intrinsic and extrinsic interest the kinds of things youd do on your own because theyre self-rewarding, as opposed to somebody on the outside telling you (Bielski, 20 12). If he can err, then so can the rest of us. Consequently, if you have people volunteering, developing, self-improving, or engaging in positive organizational citizenship behavior due to intrinsic reasons, you superpower want to recognize it or celebrate it with out of the blue(predicate) or unofficial rewards but not ones formally contingent on task performance. Leave such altruism as the wonderful gift that people give others. It is not work and should not be treated as such.HOW CAN BE AS IMPORTANT AS WHATPeople have desires not only about the rewards they receive but also in the manner they are delivered. For example, company A and company B may pay their workers the same competitive wage, but due to differences in procedure, one is effectively incenting performance while the other is not. But why? There are two major desires regarding the administration of reward programs a thought of fairness and a sense of autonomy. As the common law adage goes, Not only must rightness be done, it must be seen to be done. This principle extends to reward systems as well (Frey Stutzer, 2005). In the competition for performance between company A and B, you can increase the power of your incentives through three primary mechanisms (Masterson, Lewis, Goldman, Taylor, 2000 McFarlin Sweeney, 1992).First, keep your employees informed about exactly how rewards are administered. Effective reward systems are usually transparent, in that they are well documented, clearly communicated, and easy to follow. The less accessible or understandable a reward system becomes, the less it works. Second, be consistent in its application. Whether the outcome is the same or different, people like to know that there is a process being followed and that it is the same for everybody. The more arbitrary you are and the more exceptions you make for particular people, the less bang you get for your buck or value for your effort. Finally, and probably most important, allow voice. Any reward, large or small, is probable to be accepted as being fair if you give others the opportunity to state their perspective. By denying people even marginal input, they are less likely to buy what you are selling. Often you do not even have to agree with their opinions, but you do have to listen authentically people desperately want to be heard. The other mechanism for improving or reducing the power of rewards is whether you emphasize their controlling aspects.We do want to control or at least influence behavior with rewards. Otherwise, why else would you use them? However, many people have substantive needs for autonomy. While the need for autonomy can shake off from nonexistent all the way up to Patrick Henrys Give me liberty or give me death, on average it is quite large. Typically we do not like other people telling us what to do, we do not like feeling controlled, and we resent any efforts to coerce. To reestablish a sense of autonomy, we might reject significant rewards, seemin gly self-destructively cutting off your nose to spite your face. Consequently, giving people a degree of choice in reward systems and framing the system as encouragement rather than control reduces the perceived threat to autonomy. For example, Washington, D.C., has a performance system for teachers called Impact Plus. Teachers can voluntarily enroll, potentially doubling their salary, if they are willing to give up some job security provision in their union contract.When his friends do show up, gobbler applies himself to the paintbrush with gusto, presenting the uninteresting chore as a rare opportunity. tomcats friends wind up not only paying for the privilege of taking their turn at the fence, but deriving touchable pleasure from the taska winwin outcome if there ever was one. In Twains words, Tom had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing itnamely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difcult to attain. ( p. 1)REWARDS TELL US HOW REWARDING THE TASK REALLY ISAriely, Loewenstein, and Prelec (2006) suggest what they call the Tom sawyer beetle effect. They write, In a famous passage of Mark Twains novel Tom Sawyer, Tom is faced with the unenviable job of whitewashing his aunts fence in full view of his friends who will pass by shortly and whose snickeringPerhaps even more notable, this effect demonstrates that the value of a task, real and perceived, is malleable and that rewards can be used quite persuasively to alter this perception. Certainly price in many cases communicates meaning. For example, if a colleague offers you $1,500 to go on a date with her brother, you have just been given a lot of information about that brother, as well as about how the date might be expected to go. Similarly, Plassmann, ODoherty, Shiv, and Rangel (2008) examined the effects of pricing on the experience of enjoyment of wine. As might be expected, as the price of the wine increased, participants inform a greater level of satisfaction with the wine overall. That is, their attitudes about the wine and self-reported experience were more positive. Impressively, they also showed a greater physiological satisfaction with the wine.On functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of participants brains, a higher level of activity was observed in one of the pleasure centers of the brain. Not only did price provide information that informed attitudes, but it also informed real, physical reactions. Of note, when the same participants assessed the wine in blind taste tests, they gave the cheapest wine (five dollars a bottle) the highest praise. Consequently, if we pay people to perform a task, we also can be communicating that the task is awful. They will hate it simply because that is what the price indicates, countering what natural positive feelings we might have had.For example, economists tried to incent students performance by paying them to learna cash-for-grades scheme. Remarkabl y, as Fryer (2010) found, incentives for output did not increase achievement (p. 5). Actually its not so remarkable. Good framing can minimize this, where we ensure we are also communicating that this is a desirable job. You could make it clear, as Tom Sawyer did, that the task is coveted and others would be eager to do the same. There are scores of public schools that are incredibly demanding in what they ask of their students, such as SEED schools and the Harlem Success Academy. Perhaps they can ask so much because the competition to get in is so high that it is done by lottery.

The California Education in budget cut Essay Example for Free

The atomic number 20 Education in bud add cut judgeSave our children, p entirelyiate our education The California Education in reckon cut Considering that the majority of the population of California is dominated by those who can except afford public inculcate education, it is almost going to be useless for pargonnts to send their children to school. They might call about what they would gain from being at the school. rather they would just allow their children to work, which is the gravest type of exploitation that a child could experience, being just young. There has been school demonstrations in several districts of California participated in by the teachers, parents and school administrators shouting in anger against the regulator. Cutting of the educational budget is fast approaching and realization of this upon enforcement in 2008-2009 shall be the peak at which the protesters and the impeach should be a lot much prepared . The proposed budget cut rooted from the governors 10% across-the-board cuts to provide venue for postulate social programs. $4. 8 billion is to be deprived from the unoriginal education, whereas $1. 3 billion from the higher education will be harvested by him.This will save the governor from the deficit when he declared fiscal emergency to account for the state project shortage of funds, which was actually $16 billion turning $14. 5 dollars (Conway Martinez, 2008). Education is the most heavy possession parents can leave to their children as a gift. From childhood, every parent is excited on the first day of school that they buy their childrens uniform and prepare for the very first experience of their children to formally hold their pencils and receive their marks, whether excellent or not, they still accept it.What matters is they get the right education and it only depends upon how their children are going to take advantage of the opportunity. The preschool level is just a foretaste, when their children are already at the higher level, which I more crucial, and expensive, that is the time they need to support their children more. They will have to work really hard. Sometimes, when they want their children to get the best education, they send them to an exclusive school because they are confident enough of the training teachers get to be qualified in that school.Preschool and lower school levels are somewhat less in effect, what is usually more important is the college level, wherein students are really shaped as professionals. At some point, whatever type of character the youth will have will basically be under the custody of the biological parents, and of course the secondary ones, the teachers. Academically speaking, this qualifies the children from entering the real world, the better the education gets, the easier it is to go beyond interviews and usually the companies watch at the aspect of educational foundation that will serve the professional goals of their company.For Californians, especially the business executives of the top companies, education is ranked as the most important component of their companies in public policy concerns. But then, according to their professional assessment, this can only be achieved when subsequent reforms are done in the educational system. The more competitive is the curriculum in a school and the teachers competitiveness on a parallel then what will be achieved is a hefty tool to building up the necessary foundation.They insist that even in high schools this must be already implemented. They claim that this will affect the academic and vocational issues in the future(a), especially on the race of choosing their future leaders. The government of the United States provides the education of the people from on the federal, state or local levels of cooking and control. This makes attending classes really mandatory (till the age of 8) to come up with the most valuable use of time and funds specifically in the primary and secondary level.The school boards are responsible for the monitoring, funding, and setting of policies within their respective districts, which are independent from other local jurisdictions. The catch here is that the education is free for all it is just an option not to go to public schools and spend big money the private ones. Funding of public education is done by set on the taxes they are able to get from their districts from the property taxes from each family, side from the funds that the government still subsidizes.Public schools follow the policy set onwards by the national government to prevent the inefficient use of the district funds. To maintain the level of academic standards, teachers within them form plans in developing appurtenant materials. Education is not mentioned in the constitution of the United States. The government has no control over the schools ran by the district boards. Bush administration initiated the NCLB act or No Child Left Behind Act to somehow centrali ze the educational system.The current Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger is one of the government official patronizing the budget cut, stating that this would cause no harm to the educational system and classrooms of Californian schools. He cut $4 billion from the educational fund, from the countrys 47th in rank in the per-pupil spending. This has significantly negative impact on the educational working force, because doing this drops 57,000 teachers. Other side effects are eliminating 4 weeks of the school year, or increasing the class size by about 23%, making the population in the classroom bigger (Perata, 2008).Ninety-seven percent of the school districts were not able to meet the demands of NCLB. This move of the governor is much of negative impact on him as a political figure because people will think that this is the most illogical thing to do. They believe that cutting the budget will definitely send the remaining three percent to the same situation ang exacerbat e the performance of the lower majority. How would this affect the future of the children in California? How would this provision affect the culture of the future adult society of America?Shamefully, the truth is apparent to us that it will ruin the educational freedom. Children will suffer from under-education because they will not get the necessary level of knowledge that must be translated to them by dint of proper attention. A classroom blown up in number will be a dilemma the topics might be taught very soft in pacing because barriers in effective communication will be magnified, especially when students have a lot to join conversations with, instead of listening to their teacher. instructor might also lose their teaching capacities because they cannot shoulder themselves the materials needed to effectively deliver their subject matter. Entering school will just become a responsibility, nobody will enjoy it both sides. The young minds which are in fact the easiest to shape shall be blocked with these incapacitating budget cut-off. The ineffectiveness of learning strategies can accumulate and may make the movement of knowledge stagnant, because from the start, they are no longer learning anything.It is very surprising what we could only think of is that the governor did not really consider the present situation of the struggling population of children hungry for educational support. Its is very alarming that students need to attend extra classes in learning centers just to cope up, with what should have been actually supplied by the school. What should have been implemented about the NCLB policy is no longer met. Isnt it already a violation of the government policies, and merely the violation of human rights? How possible is it that he claims of the good performance of the students when the current situation is disgusting?Now, how do we think of the future of California having these students under-educated? These children we look at now might find it m isty to follow their dreams, to find their positions in the globally competitive industries. What they might have public opinion of as the only key to save their families from poverty will actually stop them from getting to what they want to reach out for. Their expected growth in terms of spending power shall be hindered because they will not be able to get into the top companies of really good pay, because of the lack of competitiveness.They might be lost and be left behind in the fast changing world, and in exaggerated sense be trapped and die without having to reach what they mind proper education might lead them to.ReferenceConway, D. , Martinez, K. (2008). The California budget and the crisis of public education. News and Analysis Retrieved May 21, 2008 Perata, D. (2008). The California Budget Update Electronic Version. California Progress Report. Retrieved May 21, 2008, from http//www. californiaprogressreport. com/2008/02/california_educ_1. html

The History Of The Digital Watermarking Techniques

The History Of The digital Watermarking TechniquesAbstractdigital watermarking techniques have been develop to protect the procure of media signals. This training aims to provide a universal re prospect and background slightly the watermarking definition, c formerlypt and the main contributions in this field. The study will start with a general view of digital data, the Internet and the products of these two, namely, the multimedia and the e-commerce. The study will presents an extensive and deep literature look backward of the field of digital watermarking and watermarking algorithms.Introductiondigital watermarking techniques have been developed to protect the right of first publication of media signals. Different watermarking stratagems have been suggested for multimedia core ( fleshs, video and audio signal). This study aims to provide an extensive literature review of the multimedia copyright protection. It presents a universal review and background about the watermark ing definition, concept and the main contributions in this field.digital Intellectual PropertyInformation is becoming widely open via global networks. These connected networks allow cross-references between databases. The advent of multimedia is allowing different applications to mix sound, images, and video and to interact with large make outs of culture (e.g., in e-business, distance education, and human-machine interface). The labor is investing to deliver audio, image and video data in electronic form to customers, and broadcast television companies, major corporations and photo archives are converting their depicted object from analogue to digital form. This movement from traditional contentedness, such as paper documents, analogue recordings, to digital media is due to several rewards of digital media over the traditional media. whatever of these advantages areThe quality of digital signals is higher than that of their corresponding analogue signals. Traditional asse ts degrade in quality as time passes. Analogue data gather up expensive systems to obtain high quality copies, whereas digital data give the sack be easily copied without loss of fidelity.Digital data (audio, image and video signals) kindle be easily transmitted over networks, for example the Internet. A large amount of multimedia data is now available to riding habitrs all over the world. This refinement will continue at an even greater rate with the widening availability of advanced multimedia services like electronic commerce, advertising, interactive TV, digital libraries, and a lot more.Exact copies of digital data can be easily made. This is very utilitarian but it also creates problems for the owner of valuable digital data like precious digital images. Replicas of a given piece of digital data cannot be distinguished and their origin cannot be confirmed. It is impossible to acquire which piece is the original and which is the copy.It is possible to hide some informatio n within digital data in such a way that data modifications are undetectable for the human senses.Copyright Protection of Intellectual PropertyAn important factor that slows down the growth of multimedia-networked services is that authors, publishers and providers of multimedia data are averse to allow the distribution of their documents in a networked environment. This is because the ease of reproducing digital data in their exact original form is likely to advocate copyright violation, data misappropriation and abuse. These are the problems of theft and distribution of intellectual plaza. Therefore, creators and distributors of digital data are actively seeking reliable solutions to the problems associated with copyright protection of multimedia data.Moreover, the future development of networked multimedia systems, in particular on open networks like the Internet, is conditioned by the development of efficient methods to protect data owners against unauthorised write and redi stribution of the material put on the network. This will guarantee that their rights are protected and their assets properly managed. Copyright protection of multimedia data has been accomplished by room of cryptography algorithms to provide control over data access and to make data unreadable to non-authorized users. However, encryption systems do not completely solve the problem, because once encryption is removed at that place is no more control on the dissemination of data. The concept of digital watermarking arose while trying to solve problems related to the copyright of intellectual property in digital media. It is utilize as a centre to identify the owner or distributor of digital data. Watermarking is the process of encryption hidden copyright information since it is possible today to hide information messages within digital audio, video, images and texts, by taking into tale the limitations of the human audio and opthalmic systems.Digital Watermarking What, Why, When and How?It seems that digital watermarking is a good way to protect intellectual property from illegal copying. It provides a means of embedding a message in a piece of digital data without destroying its observe. Digital watermarking embeds a known message in a piece of digital data as a means of identifying the rightful owner of the data. These techniques can be used on galore(postnominal) types of digital data including still imagery, movies, and music.What is Digital Watermarking?A digital watermark is a signal permanently infix into digital data (audio, images, video, and text) that can be detected or extracted later by means of computing operations in order to make assertions about the data. The watermark is hidden in the host data in such a way that it is inseparable from the data and so that it is resistant to many operations not degrading the host document. Thus by means of watermarking, the work is still accessible but permanently marked.Digital watermarking techniques derive from steganography, which means covered writing (from the Greek words stegano or covered and graphos or to write). Steganography is the science of communicating information while hiding the reality of the communication. The goal of steganography is to hide an information message inside harm slight messages in such a way that it is not possible even to detect that in that location is a secret message present. Both steganography and watermarking belong to a category of information hiding, but the objectives and conditions for the two techniques are just the opposite. In watermarking, for example, the important information is the external data (e.g., images, voices, etc.). The internal data (e.g., watermark) are additional data for protecting the external data and to prove ownership. In steganography, however, the external data (referred to as a vessel, container, or dummy data) are not very important. They are just a carrier of the important information. The internal data ar e the nigh important. On the other hand, watermarking is not like encryption. Watermarking does not restrict access to the data while encryption has the aim of making messages unintelligible to any unlicenced persons who might intercept them. Once encrypted data is decrypted, the media is no longer protected. A watermark is knowing to permanently reside in the host data. If the ownership of a digital work is in question, the information can be extracted to completely characterize the owner.Digital watermarking is an enabling engineering for e-commerce strategies conditional and user-specific access to services and resources. Digital watermarking offers several advantages. The details of a good digital watermarking algorithm can be made public knowledge. Digital watermarking provides the owner of a piece of digital data the means to mark the data invisibly. The mark could be used to serialize a piece of data as it is sold or used as a method to mark a valuable image. For example, this marking allows an owner to safely post an image for viewing but legally provides an embedded copyright to prohibit others from posting the same image. Watermarks and attacks on watermarks are two sides of the same coin. The goal of both is to preserve the value of the digital data. However, the goal of a watermark is to be robust enough to resist attack but not at the expense of altering the value of the data being protected. On the other hand, the goal of the attack is to remove the watermark without destroying the value of the protected data. The contents of the image can be marked without visible loss of value or dependence on specific formats. For example a bitmap (BMP) image can be compressed to a JPEG image. The result is an image that requires less storage space but cannot be distinguished from the original. Generally, a JPEG compression level of 70% can be applied without humanly visible degradation. This property of digital images allows insertion of additional data in the image without altering the value of the image. The message is hidden in unused visual space in the image and stays below the human visible threshold for the image.When Did the Technique Originate?The idea of hiding data in another media is very old, as described in the case of steganography. Nevertheless, the term digital watermarking first appeared in 1993, when Tirkel et al. (1993) presented two techniques to hide data in images. These methods were found on modifications to the least square bit (LSB) of the pixel values.How Can We Build an Effective Watermarking Algorithm?It is desired that watermarks survive image-processing manipulations such as rotation, scaling, image compression and image enhancement, for example. Taking advantage of the discrete rippling vary properties and robust features extraction techniques are the new trends that are used in the recent digital image watermarking methods. Robustness against geometrical transformation is essential since image-pub lishing applications often apply some kind of geometrical transformations to the image, and thus, an intellectual property ownership protection system should not be change by these changes. transparent vs. Invisible WatermarksDigital watermarking is divided into two main categories visible and invisible. The idea behind the visible watermark is very simple. It is equivalent to stamping a watermark on paper, and for this reason its sometimes said to be digitally stamped. An example of visible watermarking is provided by television channels, like BBC, whose logo is visibly overlying on the corner of the TV picture. Invisible watermarking, on the other hand, is a far more complex concept. It is most often used to identify copyright data, like author, distributor, and so forth.Though a lot of research has been done in the area of invisible watermarks, much less has been done for visible watermarks. Visible and invisible watermarks both serve to deter theft but they do so in very diffe rent ways. Visible watermarks are especially useful for conveying an immediate claim of ownership (Mintzer, Braudaway Yeung, 1997). Their main advantage, in principle at least, is the virtual elimination of the commercial value of a document to a would-be thief, without lessening the documents utility for legitimate, authorized purposes. Invisible watermarks, on the other hand, are more of an aid in catching a thief than for discourage theft in the first place (Mintzer et al., 1997 Swanson et al., 1998).Watermarking ClassificationThere are different classifications of invisible watermarking algorithms. The reason behind this is the enormous diversity of watermarking schemes. Watermarking approaches can be distinguished in terms of watermarking host signal (still images, video signal, audio signal, integrated circuit design), and the availability of original signal during extraction (non-blind, semi-blind, blind). Also, they can be categorized based on the field of honor used for watermarking embedding process, as shown in variety 1. The watermarking application is considered one of the criteria for watermarking classification. Figure 2 shows the subcategories based on watermarking applications.Figure 1 Classification of watermarking algorithms based on field of view used for the watermarking embedding processFigure 2 Classification of watermarking technology based on applicationsDigital Watermarking Algorithms sure watermarking techniques described in the literature can be grouped into three main classes. The first includes the transform domain of a function methods, which embed the data by modulating the transform domain signal coefficients. The second class includes the spatial domain techniques. These embed the watermark by directly modifying the pixel values of the original image. The transform domain techniques have been found to have the greater robustness, when the watermarked signals are tested after having been subjected to common signal distort ions. The third class is the feature domain technique. This technique takes into account region, boundary and object characteristics. Such watermarking methods may present additional advantages in terms of detection and recovery from geometric attacks, compared to previous approaches.The algorithms in this study are organized according to their embedding domain, as indicated in Figure 1. These are grouped intoSpatial domain techniquesTransform domain techniquesFeature domain techniquesHowever, due to the amount of published work in the field of watermarking technology, the main focus will be on wavelet-based watermarking technique papers. The wavelet domain is the most efficient domain for watermarking embedding so far. However, the review considers some other techniques, which serve the purpose of giving a broader picture of the existing watermarking algorithms. Some examples of spatial domain and fractal-based techniques will be reviewed.Spatial line of business TechniquesThis se ction gives a brief introduction to the spatial domain technique to gives some background information about watermarking in this domain. many spatial techniques are based on adding fixed amplitude pseudo noise (PN) sequences to an image. PN sequences are used as the spreading key when considering the host media as the noise in a spread spectrum system, where the watermark is the transmitted message. In this case, the PN sequence is used to spread the data bits over the spectrum to hide the data.Transform Domain TechniquesMany transform-based watermarking techniques have been proposed. To embed a watermark, a transformation is first applied to the host data, and then modifications are made to the transform coefficients. In this section, the introduce of the art of the current watermarking algorithms using the transform domain is presented. The section has three main parts, including discussions of waveletbased watermarking, DCT-based watermarking and fractal domain watermarking.Digi tal Watermarking Using Wavelet DecompositionThis algorithm can easily be built into video watermarking applications based on a 3-D wavelet transform due to its simple structure. The hierarchical nature of the wavelet representation allows multi-resolutional detection of the digital watermark, which is a Gaussian distributed random vector added to all the high pass bands in the wavelet domain.Discrete Cosine Transform-Based Digital WatermarkingSeveral watermarking algorithms have been proposed to utilize the DCT. However, the Cox et al. (1995, 1997) and the Koch and Zhao (1995) algorithms are the most well-known DCT-based algorithms. Cox et al. (1995) proposed the most well-known spread spectrum watermarking schemes. Figure 3 shows the block plot of the Cox algorithm. The image is first subjected to a global DCT. Then, the 1,000 largest coefficients in the DCT domain are selected for watermarking. They used a Gaussian sequence of pseudo-random real numbers of continuance 1,000 as a watermark. This approach achieves good robustness against compression and other common signal processing attacks. This is a result of the selection of perceptually important transform domain coefficients. However, the algorithm is in a weak position against the invariability attack proposed by Craver (1997). Also, the global DCT employed on the image is computationally expensive.Fractal Transform-Based Digital WatermarkingThough a lot of work has been done in the area of invisible watermarks using the DCT and the wavelet-based methods, relatively few references exist for invisible watermarks based on the fractal transform. The reason for this might be the computational expense of the fractal transform. In fractal analysis, similar patterns are identified in an image and only a modified amount of binary code can be embedded using this method. Since fractal analysis is computationally expensive and some images do not have many large self-similar patterns, the techniques may not be suitable for general use.Feature Domain Techniques ( certify Generation Watermarking)First generation watermarking (1GW) methods have been mainly focused on applying the watermarking on the entire image/video domain. However, this approach is not compatible with novel approaches for still image and video compression. JPEG2000 and MPEG4/7 timeworns are the new techniques for image and video compression. They are region or object-based, as can be seen in the compression process. Also, the 1GW algorithms proposed so far do not satisfy the watermarking requirements.Second generation watermarking (2GW) was developed in order to increase the robustness and invisibility and to overcome the weaknesses of 1GW. The 2GW methods take into account region, boundary and object characteristics and give additional advantages in terms of detection and recovery from geometric attacks compared to first generation methods. Exploiting salient region or object features and characteristics of the image ac hieve this. Also, 2GW methods may be designed so that selective robustness to different classes of attacks is obtained. As a result, watermark flexibility will be improved considerably.Digital Watermarking and Image Processing AttacksDigital watermarking was claimed to be the ultimate solution for copyright protection over the Internet when the concept of digital watermarking was first presented. However, some problems related to robustness and credentials of watermarking algorithms to wise to(p) or unintentional attacks still remain unsolved. These problems must be solved before digital watermarking can be claimed to be the ultimate solution for copyright ownership protection in digital media. One of these problems is the effect of geometrical transformations such as rotation, translation and scaling on the recovery of the watermark. Another is the security of the watermarking algorithm when intentional attackers make use of knowledge of the watermarking algorithm to destroy or r emove the watermark.Watermarking Standardization IssueThe most important question about watermarking technology is whether watermarking will be precedentized and used in the near future. There are several movements to standardize watermarking technology, but no one standard has prevailed at this moment in time. Some researchers have been working to develop a standardized framework for protecting digital images and other multimedia content through technology built into media files and corresponding application software. However, they have lacked a clear vision of what the framework should be or how it would be used.In addition, there was a discussion about how and whether watermarking should form part of the standard during the standardization process of JPEG2000. The requirements regarding security have been identified in the framework of JPEG2000. However, there has been uncomplete in-depth clarification nor a harmonized effort to address watermarking issues. It is important to d educe what really needs to be standardized for including the watermarking concept in JPEG2000 and to what extent. The initial drafts of the JPEG2000 standard did not mention the issue of watermarking. However, there is a plan to examine how watermarking might be best applied within JPEG2000. The features of a given watermarking scheme are likely to offer designers an opportunity to integrate watermarking technology into JPEG2000 for different application such as distributing images on the Internet. Also, standardization of digital watermarking will baffle the progress in imaging standards of JPEG2000 where the data security will be part of this standard. Therefore, the likelihood is that watermarking technology will be used in coupling with JPEG2000 (Clark, 2000).Future HighlightsNevertheless, the future seems bright for digital watermarking. Many companies have already been active in digital watermarking research. For example, Microsoft has developed a prototype system that limit s unauthorized playback of music by embedding a watermark that remains permanently attached to audio files. Such technology could be included as a slackness playback mechanism in future versions of the Windows operating system. If the music industry begins to include watermarks in its song files, Windows would refuse to play copyrighted music released after a certain date that was obtained illegally. Also, Microsoft Research has also invented a separate watermarking system that relies on graph theory to hide watermarks in software. Normally the security technology is hack able. However, if the technology is combined with proper legal enforcement, industry standards and respects of the privacy of individuals seeking to legitimately use intellectual property, digital watermarking will encourage content creators to trust the Internet more. There is a tremendous amount of money at stake for many firms. The value of illegal copies of multimedia content distributed over the Internet coul d reach billions of dollars a year. It will be interesting to see how the development and adoption of digital watermarking plays out. With such high stakes mingled for entertainment and other multimedia companies, they are likely to keep pushing for (and be willing to pay for) a secure technology that they can use to track and reduce copyright violation and capture some of their foregone revenues. Finally, it is expected that a great deal of effort must still be put into research before digital image watermarking can be widely accepted as legal evidence of ownership.ConclusionThis study was started with a general view of digital data, the Internet and the products of these two, namely, multimedia and e-commerce. It provided some initial background and history of digital watermarking. This study gave an extensive and deep literature review of the field of digital watermarking. The concept of digital watermarking and the requirements of digital watermarking were discussed and digital watermarking algorithms were reviewed. They were grouped into three main collections based on the embedding domain, that is, spatial domain techniques, transform domain techniques or feature domain techniques. The algorithm of the frequency domain were further subdivided into wavelet, DCT and fractal transform techniques. Finally, the future perspective of digital watermarking was highlighted.